Surgical instruments can vary widely by the field of surgery that they are used in. In general operating room instruments can be divided into five classes by function:
- Cutting and dissecting instruments:
- Scalpels, scissors, and saws are the most traditional
- Elevators can be both cutting and lifting/retracting
- Although the term dissection is broad energy devices such as diathermy/cautery are often used as more modern alternatives.
- Grasping or holding instruments:
- Classically this included forceps and clamps predominantly
- Roughly forceps can be divided in traumatic (tissue crushing) and atraumatic (tissue preserving, such as Debakey’s)
- Numerous examples are available for different purposes by field
- Hemostatic instruments:
- This includes instruments utilized for the cessation of bleeding
- Artery forceps are a classic example in which bleeding is halted by direct clamping of a vessel
- Sutures are often used, aided by a needle holder
- Cautery and related instruments are used with increasing frequency in high resource countries
- Retractors:
- Surgery is often considered to be largely about exposure
- A multitude of retractors exist to aid in exposing the bodies cavities accessed during surgery
- These can broadly be hand held (often by a junior assistant) or self retaining
- Elevators can be both cutting and lifting/retracting
- Tissue unifying instruments and materials:
- This would include instruments that aid in tissue unification (such as needle holders or staple applicators)
- And the materials themselves
Source: Wikipedia.org
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